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Economic & Fixed Income

16 August 2023

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Penurunan surplus neraca dagang Juli perkuat proyeksi defisit neraca berjalan 3Q23

Surplus neraca dagang Indonesia turun tajam di bulan Juni menjadi USD 1.3bn, lebih rendah dari ekspektasi (Cons: USD 2.6bn; SSI: USD 3.5bn). Penurunan ini disebabkan oleh kontraksi ekspor dua digit, terutama ekspor komoditas utama seperti batu bara, CPO, dan besi-baja. Sementara itu, kontraksi impor turun dari level dua digit menjadi satu digit akibat meningkatnya aktivitas konsumsi serta investasi yang ditopang oleh stimulus fiskal pemerintah menjelang Pemilihan Presiden 2024. Penurunan surplus neraca dagang ini mendukung proyeksi kami terhadap kemungkinan defisit neraca berjalan rolling sum 12 bulan pada 3Q23. Sayangnya, timing kenaikan probabilita defisit neraca berjalan 3Q23 terjadi di tengah tekanan depresiasi nilai tukar Rupiah yang kuat akibat krisis gagal bayar obligasi korporasi oleh Country Garden di Tiongkok. Kami melihat kemungkinan Bank Indonesia memprioritaskan kestabilan nilai tukar Rupiah hingga 4Q23, bila depresiasi Rupiah berlanjut hingga IDR 15,500 per USD. Walaupun kami tetap optimis terhadap kemungkinan pemangkasan suku bunga di 4Q23, hal ini akan bergantung kepada kecepatan dan keefektifan PBOC dalam membendung krisis yang saat ini terjadi.

Surplus neraca dagang Indonesia turun tajam di bulan Juli menjadi USD 1.3bn (Jun: USD 3.5bn; Cons: USD 2.6bn; SSI : USD 3.5bn). Penurunan ini disebabkan oleh kontraksi ekspor sebesar -18% yoy menjadi USD 20.9bn (Jun: -21.2% yoy; Cons: -19.2% yoy; SSI: -15% yoy) yang jauh lebih besar daripada kontraksi impor sebesar -8.3% yoy menjadi USD 19.6bn (Jun: 18.4% yoy; Cons: -15.3% yoy; SSI: -14.3% yoy). Menurut estimasi kami, penurunan ini disebabkan oleh kontraksi tajam ekspor komoditas utama (batu bara, CPO, dan besi-baja) sebesar -27.1% yoy menjadi USD 8.1bn (Jun: -23% yoy menjadi USD 8.3bn). Data menunjukkan kontraksi ekspor komoditas utama disebabkan oleh penurunan volume ekspor (quantity effect) saat rebound harga komoditas pada bulan Juli (lihat Chart 1).

Kontraksi impor yang lebih rendah di bulan Juli dibandingkan bulan sebelumnya disebabkan oleh meningkatnya aktivitas investasi serta konsumsi yang ditopang oleh stimulus fiskal pemerintah menjelang Pemilihan Presiden 2024 (Indonesia political business cycle has begun). Laju pertumbuhan impor barang konsumsi berbalik menjadi positif dari negatif pada bulan sebelumnya (26.9% yoy Vs. Jun: -6.6% yoy). Sementara itu, laju pertumbuhan impor barang modal meningkat menjadi 18.8% yoy (Jun: 4.1% yoy). Namun, impor bahan baku tetap mengalami kontraksi sebesar -16.7% yoy (Jun: -23.8% yoy), bahkan saat ekspansi di sektor manufaktur meningkat, seperti yang tercermin pada naiknya PMI menjadi 53.3 (Jun: 52.5; lihat Chart 2).

Menurunnya surplus neraca perdagangan Juli mendukung proyeksi kami atas defisit neraca berjalan rolling sum 12 bulan sebesar -0.1% terhadap PDB pada 3Q23. Sayangnya, kenaikan probabilita defisit neraca berjalan 3Q23 terjadi saat nilai tukar Rupiah mengalami tekanan depresiasi yang kuat akibat krisis gagal bayar obligasi korporasi sektor properti oleh pengembang Country Garden di Tiongkok. Apabila depresiasi Rupiah berlanjut hingga level IDR 15,500 per USD, maka Bank Indonesia akan memprioritaskan stabilisasi nilai tukar Rupiah hingga 4Q23 dengan cara mempertahankan tingkat suku bunga acuan 7DRRR (seven-day reverse repo rate) di 5.75%.

Walaupun kami masih optimis dengan skenario pemangkasan suku bunga BI pada 4Q23, skenario ini bergantung kepada kecepatan dan keefektifan Bank Sentral Tiongkok (PBOC) dalam memitigasi krisis yang terjadi saat ini.

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